Many data processing programs can handle Excel (.XLSX) or CSV files (.csv), that is why this format is often specified as a storage option and can also be imported as a file. Depending on a program, to ensure the ‘correct’ data format, you may need to make conversion settings during the data import (for example, when importing Excel/CSV files into R).
Harmonization of Research Data:
The GESIS blog series ‘Adventures in Ex-Post Harmonization‘ with seven contributions on the harmonization of survey data (especially single-item measurement instruments).